Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems to Study the Change Detection in Temperature and Surface Area of Hamrin Lake

اجريت هذه الدراسة على بحيرة حمرين الواقعة في محافظة ديالى وسط العراق بين خطي 44º 53ʹ 26.16 '- 45º 07 ʹ 28.03ʺ ودائرتي عرض  34º 04ʹ 24.75ʺ ــ 34º 19ʹ 12.74ʺ.اذ تمت في هذه الدراسة حساب المساحة السطحية لبحيرة حمرين من الصور الفضائية خلال الفترة الممتدة من شهر تشرين الاول 2019 الى ايلول 2020 وبمعدل صورة فضائية لكل شهر وباستخدام دليل اختلاف المياه الطبيعي NDWI فكانت اكبر مساحة سطحية 264.617كم2 لشهر اكتوبر واقل مساحة سطحية     140.202 كم2 لشهر ايلول . وتم ايضا حساب درجة الحرارة السطحية لمياه البحيرة من الصور الفضائية للقمر الصناعي لاندسات 8 بالاعتماد على الحزم 10(الأشعة تحت الحمراء الحرارية 1) و11(الأشعة تحت الحمراء الحرارية 2) التي تتحسس الاشعة الحرارية، حيث بلغت أعلى درجة حرارة سطح في حزيران 45.95 درجة مئوية. بسبب ارتفاع درجات الحرارة لهذا الشهر وأدنى مستوى لها في شياط 3.09 درجة مئوية، وهو أحد الأشهر التي تنخفض فيها درجات الحرارة إلى أدنى مستوى لها. ساعد استخدام الاستشعار عن بعد وابتكارات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية كثيرًا في التحقق من التغييرات، سواء في مساحة السطح أو درجة الحرارة، مما يوفر الجهد والوقت والتكلفة. وضعت نتائج هذه الدراسة متخذي القرار في اتخاذ الاحتياطات اللازمة لموسمي ندرة المياه والجفاف لتلبية احتياجات المجتمع المائية في مناطق الاستهلاك البشري المتعددة وفي نفس الوقت الاستفادة من مواسم الأمطار ووفرة المياه وتطوير خطط استراتيجية طويلة الامد لأجل الحفاظ على توازن مائي مستدام.This study was conducted on Lake Hamrin situated in Diyala governorate, focal Iraq, between latitudes 44º 53ʹ 26.16 '- 45º 07 ʹ 28.03ʺ and 34º 04ʹ 24.75ʺ ــ 34º 19ʹ 12.74ʺ . As in this study, the surface area of Hamrin Lake was calculated from satellite images during the period from October 2019 to September 2020, with an average satellite image for each month, furthermore,by utilizing the Normalized Differences Water Index (NDWI), the largest surface area was 264,617 km2 for October and the lowest surface area 140.202 km2 for September. The surface temperature of the lake water was also calculated from satellite images of the Landsat 8 satellite, based on bands 10 (Thermal Infrared 1) and 11 (Thermal Infrared 2) that are sensitive to thermal radiation, as the highest surface temperature reached in June 45.49°C degrees Celsius due to the high temperatures for this month and the lowest in February 3.09°C degrees Celsius, which is one of the months in which temperatures drop to the lowest level. The utilization of remote sensing and GIS innovations has helped a lot in checking changes, whether in surface area or temperature, which saves effort, time and cost. The results of this study put decision makers in taking the necessary precautions for the seasons of water scarcity and drought to meet the community’s water needs in the areas of multiple human consumptions and at the same time take advantage of rainy seasons and water abundance to develop long-term strategic plans to maintain a sustainable water balance

The Release of Nitric Oxide from S-Nitrosothiols Promotes Angiogenesis

BACKGROUND: Free nitric oxide (NO) reacts with sulphydryl residues to form S-nitrosothiols, which act as NO reservoirs. We sought to determine whether thiol-preserving agents and antioxidants, such as dithiothreitol (DTT) and vitamin C, induce NO release from S-nitrosylated proteins in endothelial cell cultures to promote angiogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: NO release was measured directly in cell supernatants using a Sievers NO Analyser, and in vitro angiogenesis was assessed by quantifying capillary-like tube network formation of porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) on growth factor-reduced Matrigel. Incubation of PAEC with DTT or vitamin C significantly increased NO release in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, L-NNA and L-NIO, had no effect on DTT- or vitamin C-induced NO release, and there was no concomitant increase in the phosphorylation of endothelial NOS at serine-1177 following DTT or vitamin C treatment. DTT and vitamin C increased capillary-like tube network formation by nine- and two-fold, respectively, and the addition of copper ions doubled the effect of vitamin C. Surprisingly, DTT maintained endothelial tube networks for up to one month under serum-free conditions, and selective inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase (ODQ) and PKG (KT-5823) blocked this, demonstrating the requirement of cyclic GMP and PKG in this process. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Both DTT and vitamin C are capable of releasing sufficient NO from S-nitrosothiols to induce capillary morphogenesis. This study provides the first evidence that increased denitrosylation leads to increased bioavailability of NO, independent of NOS activity, to promote sustained angiogenesis

The Impact of the Brain Keys Training Program in Developing the Cognitive Abilities among the Lower Basic Stage Students in Jordan

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the brain keys training program in developing a group of cognitive abilities among lower basic stage students in Jordan, their ages vary between 6-8 years, their number is (15) male and female students at Al Amal association summer club in Zarqa, Jordan, the sample was randomly selected from all the lower basic students participating in the summer club. Leiter International Performance Scale –Revised cognitive abilities test (LIPS-R) was used before the implementation of brain keys program. They were then given (15) training sessions, and their cognitive abilities were measured after the application of the program for two months. (Meshal, 2011) According to the study, the application of the brain keys training program, which consists of a set of mental games for this age level of students, is effective in the development of a cognitive abilities group at the statistical significance level (α≤ 0.05). The researchers recommended the need to conduct  further research and studies when applying the brain key program to the higher and secondary levels students and at different cultural environments, because of its positive role in the development of cognitive abilities of students in the lower basic stage. Keywords: Brain keys program, cognitive abilities, lower basic stage students

Autocrine activity of soluble Flt-1 controls endothelial cell function and angiogenesis

Background - The negative feedback system is an important physiological regulatory mechanism controlling angiogenesis. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 (sFlt-1), acts as a potent endogenous soluble inhibitor of VEGF- and placenta growth factor (PlGF)-mediated biological function and can also form dominant-negative complexes with competent full-length VEGF receptors. Methods and results - Systemic overexpression of VEGF-A in mice resulted in significantly elevated circulating sFlt-1. In addition, stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with VEGF-A, induced a five-fold increase in sFlt-1 mRNA, a time-dependent significant increase in the release of sFlt-1 into the culture medium and activation of the flt-1 gene promoter. This response was dependent on VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and phosphoinositide-3'-kinase signalling. siRNA-mediated knockdown of sFlt-1 in HUVEC stimulated the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, increased basal and VEGF-induced cell migration and enhanced endothelial tube formation on growth factor reduced Matrigel. In contrast, adenoviral overexpression of sFlt-1 suppressed phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 at tyrosine 951 and ERK-1/-2 MAPK and reduced HUVEC proliferation. Preeclampsia is associated with elevated placental and systemic sFlt-1. Phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 tyrosine 951 was greatly reduced in placenta from preeclamptic patients compared to gestationally-matched normal placenta. Conclusion - These results show that endothelial sFlt-1 expression is regulated by VEGF and acts as an autocrine regulator of endothelial cell function

Angiopoietin-2 confers Atheroprotection in apoE-/- mice by inhibiting LDL oxidation via nitric oxide

Atherosclerosis is promoted by a combination of hypercholesterolemia and vascular inflammation. The function of Angiopoietin (Ang)-2, a key regulator of angiogenesis, in the maintenance of large vessels is unknown. A single systemic administration of Ang-2 adenovirus (AdAng-2) to apoE-/- mice fed a Western diet significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion size 8 40%) and oxidized LDL and macrophage content of the plaques. These beneficial effects were abolished by the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In endothelial cells, endothelial NOS activation per se inhibited LDL oxidation and Ang-2 stimulated NO release in a Tie2-dependent manner to decrease LDL oxidation. These findings demonstrate a novel atheroprotective role for Ang-2 when endothelial cell function is compromised and suggest that growth factors, which stimulate NO release without inducing inflammation, could offer atheroprotection

On next-to-leading power threshold corrections in Drell-Yan production at (NLO)-L-3

The cross-section for Drell-Yan production of a vector boson has been previously calculated at next-to-next-to-leading order, supplemented by enhanced logarithmic terms associated with the threshold region. In this paper, we calculate a large set of enhanced terms associated with the colour structure $C_F^3$ at N$^3$LO, for the double real emission contribution in the quark-antiquark channel, as an expansion around the threshold region up to and including the first subleading power. We perform our calculation using the method of regions, which systematically characterises all contributions according to whether the virtual gluon is (next-to) soft, collinear or hard in nature. Our results will prove useful for developing general formalisms for classifying next-to-leading power (NLP) threshold effects. They are also interesting in their own right, given that they constitute a previously unknown contribution to the Drell-Yan cross-section at ${\cal O}(\alpha_s^3)$.Comment: 41 pages, 4 figure